The phpBB and Discourse shape rather than the Reddit one: curated categories and boards, threads bumped by replies, flat numbered posts with quoting, reputation and badges, a report-driven moderation queue and private messages.
How a team chat product models its data: workspaces and per-workspace identity, public private and shared channels, a read cursor per member instead of a read flag per message, thread replies, mentions, files, saved items and installed apps with granted scopes.
How a mobile messenger models its data: accounts keyed by phone number, linked devices, private contacts, direct and group chats as one entity, messages with media and replies, per-recipient delivery and read receipts, and disappearing messages with a TTL.
How a community chat platform models its data: servers with nested channels, roles carrying permission bitfields, three-state per-channel overwrites, per-server nicknames, messages and threads, reactions, attachments, invites and voice sessions.
How a webmail service models its data: labels applied many-to-many instead of IMAP folders, one stored copy per message, conversation threading, attachments deduplicated by content hash, delivery filters, drafts, read state, spam scoring and quota.